Cours du Polkadot

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Polkadot DOT

Polkadot DOT is present on the following networks: Binance Smart Chain, Huobi, Polkadot. Binance Smart Chain (BSC) uses a hybrid consensus mechanism called Proof of Staked Authority (PoSA), which combines elements of Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) and Proof of Authority (PoA). This method ensures fast block times and low fees while maintaining a level of decentralization and security. Core Components 1. Validators (so-called “Cabinet Members”): Validators on BSC are responsible for producing new blocks, validating transactions, and maintaining the network’s security. To become a validator, an entity must stake a significant amount of BNB (Binance Coin). Validators are selected through staking and voting by token holders. There are 21 active validators at any given time, rotating to ensure decentralization and security. 2. Delegators: Token holders who do not wish to run validator nodes can delegate their BNB tokens to validators. This delegation helps validators increase their stake and improves their chances of being selected to produce blocks. Delegators earn a share of the rewards that validators receive, incentivizing broad participation in network security. 3. Candidates: Candidates are nodes that have staked the required amount of BNB and are in the pool waiting to become validators. They are essentially potential validators who are not currently active but can be elected to the validator set through community voting. Candidates play a crucial role in ensuring there is always a sufficient pool of nodes ready to take on validation tasks, thus maintaining network resilience and decentralization. Consensus Process 4. Validator Selection: Validators are chosen based on the amount of BNB staked and votes received from delegators. The more BNB staked and votes received, the higher the chance of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. The selection process involves both the current validators and the pool of candidates, ensuring a dynamic and secure rotation of nodes. 5. Block Production: The selected validators take turns producing blocks in a PoA-like manner, ensuring that blocks are generated quickly and efficiently. Validators validate transactions, add them to new blocks, and broadcast these blocks to the network. 6. Transaction Finality: BSC achieves fast block times of around 3 seconds and quick transaction finality. This is achieved through the efficient PoSA mechanism that allows validators to rapidly reach consensus. Security and Economic Incentives 7. Staking: Validators are required to stake a substantial amount of BNB, which acts as collateral to ensure their honest behavior. This staked amount can be slashed if validators act maliciously. Staking incentivizes validators to act in the network's best interest to avoid losing their staked BNB. 8. Delegation and Rewards: Delegators earn rewards proportional to their stake in validators. This incentivizes them to choose reliable validators and participate in the network’s security. Validators and delegators share transaction fees as rewards, which provides continuous economic incentives to maintain network security and performance. 9. Transaction Fees: BSC employs low transaction fees, paid in BNB, making it cost-effective for users. These fees are collected by validators as part of their rewards, further incentivizing them to validate transactions accurately and efficiently. The Huobi Eco Chain (HECO) blockchain employs a Hybrid-Proof-of-Stake (HPoS) consensus mechanism, combining elements of Proof-of-Stake (PoS) to enhance transaction efficiency and scalability. Key Features of HECO's Consensus Mechanism: 1. Validator Selection: HECO supports up to 21 validators, selected based on their stake in the network. 2. Transaction Processing: Validators are responsible for processing transactions and adding blocks to the blockchain. 3. Transaction Finality: The consensus mechanism ensures quick finality, allowing for rapid confirmation of transactions. 4. Energy Efficiency: By utilizing PoS elements, HECO reduces energy consumption compared to traditional Proof-of-Work systems. Polkadot, a heterogeneous multi-chain framework designed to enable different blockchains to interoperate, uses a sophisticated consensus mechanism known as Nominated Proof-of-Stake (NPoS). This mechanism combines elements of Proof-of-Stake (PoS) and a layered consensus model involving multiple roles and stages. Core Components 1. Validators: Validators are responsible for producing new blocks and finalizing the relay chain, Polkadot's main chain. They stake DOT tokens and validate transactions, ensuring the security and integrity of the network. 2. Nominators: Nominators delegate their stake to trusted validators, choosing which validators they believe will act honestly and effectively. They share in the rewards and penalties of the validators they nominate. 3. Collators: Collators maintain parachains (individual blockchains that connect to the Polkadot relay chain) by collecting transactions from users and producing state transition proofs for validators. 4. Fishermen: Fishermen monitor the network for malicious activity. They report bad behavior to the validators to help maintain network security. Consensus Process Polkadot's consensus mechanism operates through a combination of two key protocols: GRANDPA (GHOST-based Recursive Ancestor Deriving Prefix Agreement) and BABE (Blind Assignment for Blockchain Extension). 1. BABE (Block Production): BABE is the block production mechanism. It operates similarly to a lottery, where validators are pseudo-randomly assigned slots to produce blocks based on their stake. Each validator signs the blocks they produce, which are then propagated through the network. 2. GRANDPA (Finality): GRANDPA is the finality gadget that provides a higher level of security by finalizing blocks after they are produced. Unlike traditional blockchains where blocks are considered final after a number of confirmations, GRANDPA allows for asynchronous finality. Validators vote on chains, and once a supermajority agrees, the chain is finalized instantly. Detailed Steps 1. Block Production (BABE): Slot Allocation: Validators are selected to produce blocks in specific time slots. Block Proposal: The selected validator for a slot proposes a block, including new transactions and state changes. 2. Block Propagation and Preliminary Consensus: Proposed blocks are propagated across the network, where other validators verify the correctness of the transactions and state transitions. 3. Finalization (GRANDPA): Voting on Blocks: Validators vote on the chains they believe to be the correct history. Supermajority Agreement: Once more than two-thirds of validators agree on a block, it is finalized. Instant Finality: This finality process ensures that once a block is finalized, it is irreversible and becomes part of the canonical chain. 4. Rewards and Penalties: Validators and nominators earn rewards for participating in the consensus process and maintaining network security. Misbehavior, such as producing invalid blocks or being offline, results in penalties, including slashing of staked tokens.

Polkadot DOT is present on the following networks: Binance Smart Chain, Huobi, Polkadot. Binance Smart Chain (BSC) uses the Proof of Staked Authority (PoSA) consensus mechanism to ensure network security and incentivize participation from validators and delegators. Incentive Mechanisms 1. Validators: Staking Rewards: Validators must stake a significant amount of BNB to participate in the consensus process. They earn rewards in the form of transaction fees and block rewards. Selection Process: Validators are selected based on the amount of BNB staked and the votes received from delegators. The more BNB staked and votes received, the higher the chances of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. 2. Delegators: Delegated Staking: Token holders can delegate their BNB to validators. This delegation increases the validator's total stake and improves their chances of being selected to produce blocks. Shared Rewards: Delegators earn a portion of the rewards that validators receive. This incentivizes token holders to participate in the network’s security and decentralization by choosing reliable validators. 3. Candidates: Pool of Potential Validators: Candidates are nodes that have staked the required amount of BNB and are waiting to become active validators. They ensure that there is always a sufficient pool of nodes ready to take on validation tasks, maintaining network resilience. 4. Economic Security: Slashing: Validators can be penalized for malicious behavior or failure to perform their duties. Penalties include slashing a portion of their staked tokens, ensuring that validators act in the best interest of the network. Opportunity Cost: Staking requires validators and delegators to lock up their BNB tokens, providing an economic incentive to act honestly to avoid losing their staked assets. Fees on the Binance Smart Chain 5. Transaction Fees: Low Fees: BSC is known for its low transaction fees compared to other blockchain networks. These fees are paid in BNB and are essential for maintaining network operations and compensating validators. Dynamic Fee Structure: Transaction fees can vary based on network congestion and the complexity of the transactions. However, BSC ensures that fees remain significantly lower than those on the Ethereum mainnet. 6. Block Rewards: Incentivizing Validators: Validators earn block rewards in addition to transaction fees. These rewards are distributed to validators for their role in maintaining the network and processing transactions. 7. Cross-Chain Fees: Interoperability Costs: BSC supports cross-chain compatibility, allowing assets to be transferred between Binance Chain and Binance Smart Chain. These cross-chain operations incur minimal fees, facilitating seamless asset transfers and improving user experience. 8. Smart Contract Fees: Deployment and Execution Costs: Deploying and interacting with smart contracts on BSC involves paying fees based on the computational resources required. These fees are also paid in BNB and are designed to be cost-effective, encouraging developers to build on the BSC platform. The Huobi Eco Chain (HECO) blockchain employs a Hybrid-Proof-of-Stake (HPoS) consensus mechanism, combining elements of Proof-of-Stake (PoS) to enhance transaction efficiency and scalability. Incentive Mechanism: 1. Validator Rewards: Validators are selected based on their stake in the network. They process transactions and add blocks to the blockchain. Validators receive rewards in the form of transaction fees for their role in maintaining the blockchain's integrity. 2. Staking Participation: Users can stake Huobi Token (HT) to become validators or delegate their tokens to existing validators. Staking helps secure the network and, in return, participants receive a portion of the transaction fees as rewards. Applicable Fees: 1. Transaction Fees (Gas Fees): Users pay gas fees in HT tokens to execute transactions and interact with smart contracts on the HECO network. These fees compensate validators for processing and validating transactions. 2. Smart Contract Execution Fees: Deploying and interacting with smart contracts incur additional fees, which are also paid in HT tokens. These fees cover the computational resources required to execute contract code. Polkadot uses a consensus mechanism called Nominated Proof-of-Stake (NPoS), which involves a combination of validators, nominators, and a unique layered consensus process to secure the network: Incentive Mechanisms 1. Validators: Staking Rewards: Validators are responsible for producing new blocks and finalizing the relay chain. They are incentivized with staking rewards, which are distributed in proportion to their stake and their performance in the consensus process. Validators earn these rewards for maintaining uptime and correctly validating transactions. Commission: Validators can set a commission rate that they charge on the rewards earned by their nominators. This incentivizes them to perform well to attract more nominators. 2. Nominators: Delegation: Nominators stake their tokens by delegating them to trusted validators. They share in the rewards earned by the validators they support. This mechanism incentivizes nominators to carefully choose reliable validators. Rewards Distribution: The rewards are distributed among validators and their nominators based on the amount of stake contributed by each party. This ensures that both parties are incentivized to maintain the network’s security. 3. Collators: Parachain Maintenance: Collators maintain parachains by collecting transactions and producing state transition proofs for validators. They are incentivized through rewards for their role in keeping the parachain operational and secure. 4. Fishermen: Monitoring: Fishermen are responsible for monitoring the network for malicious activities. They are rewarded for identifying and reporting malicious behavior, which helps maintain the network’s security. 5. Economic Penalties: Slashing: Validators and nominators face penalties in the form of slashing if they engage in malicious activities such as double-signing or being offline for extended periods. Slashing results in the loss of a portion of their staked tokens, which serves as a strong deterrent against bad behavior. Unbonding Period: To withdraw staked tokens, participants must go through an unbonding period during which their tokens are still at risk of being slashed. This ensures continued network security even when validators or nominators decide to exit. Fees on the Polkadot Blockchain 1. Transaction Fees: Dynamic Fees: Transaction fees on Polkadot are dynamic, adjusting based on network demand and the complexity of the transaction. This model ensures that fees remain fair and proportional to the network’s usage. Fee Burn: A portion of the transaction fees is burned (permanently removed from circulation), which helps to control inflation and can potentially increase the value of the remaining tokens. 2. Smart Contract Fees: Execution Costs: Fees for deploying and interacting with smart contracts on Polkadot are based on the computational resources required. This encourages efficient use of network resources. 3. Parachain Slot Auction Fees: Bidding for Slots: Projects that want to secure a parachain slot must participate in a slot auction. They bid DOT tokens, and the highest bidders win the right to operate a parachain for a specified period. This process ensures that only serious projects with significant backing can secure parachain slots, contributing to the network's overall quality and security.

2024-06-11

2025-06-11

630738.27685 (kWh/a)

27.318704597 (%)

0.00029 (kWh)

To determine the proportion of renewable energy usage, the locations of the nodes are to be determined using public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. If no information is available on the geographic distribution of the nodes, reference networks are used which are comparable in terms of their incentivization structure and consensus mechanism. This geo-information is merged with public information from Our World in Data, see citation. The intensity is calculated as the marginal energy cost wrt. one more transaction. Ember (2025); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2024) – with major processing by Our World in Data. “Share of electricity generated by renewables – Ember and Energy Institute” [dataset]. Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data Europe”; Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data”; Energy Institute, “Statistical Review of World Energy” [original data]. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-renewables

The energy consumption of this asset is aggregated across multiple components: For the calculation of energy consumptions, the so called “bottom-up” approach is being used. The nodes are considered to be the central factor for the energy consumption of the network. These assumptions are made on the basis of empirical findings through the use of public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. The main determinants for estimating the hardware used within the network are the requirements for operating the client software. The energy consumption of the hardware devices was measured in certified test laboratories. When calculating the energy consumption, we used - if available - the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) to determine all implementations of the asset of question in scope and we update the mappings regulary, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation. To determine the energy consumption of a token, the energy consumption of the network(s) binance_smart_chain, huobi is calculated first. For the energy consumption of the token, a fraction of the energy consumption of the network is attributed to the token, which is determined based on the activity of the crypto-asset within the network. When calculating the energy consumption, the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) is used - if available - to determine all implementations of the asset in scope. The mappings are updated regularly, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation.

0.00000 (tCO2e/a)

186.15010 (tCO2e/a)

0.00009 (kgCO2e)

To determine the GHG Emissions, the locations of the nodes are to be determined using public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. If no information is available on the geographic distribution of the nodes, reference networks are used which are comparable in terms of their incentivization structure and consensus mechanism. This geo-information is merged with public information from Our World in Data, see citation. The intensity is calculated as the marginal emission wrt. one more transaction. Ember (2025); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2024) – with major processing by Our World in Data. “Carbon intensity of electricity generation – Ember and Energy Institute” [dataset]. Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data Europe”; Ember, “Yearly Electricity Data”; Energy Institute, “Statistical Review of World Energy” [original data]. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity Licenced under CC BY 4.0